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Literature Cited: ASA Style (American Sociological Association)

This guide is based on the style rules outlined in the ASA Style Guide (2nd edition, 1997). For additional information or more detailed explanations, please refer to this manual located at the Mansfield Library Information Center Reference Desk, 808.027 A798 1997.

GENERAL GUIDELINES for MANUSCRIPTS

BODY OF THE MANUSCRIPT

• All text is double spaced using 12-pt. type. This includes footnotes & references.
• Margins at least 1.25 inches on all sides.
• A separate title page showing -
  •  
    • Title of the paper
    • Name(s) and institution(s) of authors
    • Word count for the paper (including footnotes & references) Title footnote. This includes names, authors' addresses, acknowledgements, credits, and grants.
• A separate page with the title again and a brief (150-+200 word) abstract.
• The text of the paper begins on a new page headed with the title of the paper.
  
  

• Bibliography title page headed "References".
• List references alphabetically by author's last name.
• Use hanging indentation (see examples below).
• When only one author, invert the name (Last name, First name).
• Two or more authors, invert only the first author's name.
• Multiple items by the same author -
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    • Arrange them by year of publication, starting with the earliest first.
    • Use six hyphens and a period (------.) in place of the repeated author name.
    • Author has written several works in the same year, distinguish by adding letters (e.g. 2001a, 2001b, 2001c).
• Italicize book and journal titles.
• Use "N.d." when no date is available.
• Both city and state are listed for place of publication. For foreign countries include the name of the country.

BOOKS

1. Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial, ending with a period.
2. Year of publication, ending with a period.
3. Title of the book italicized, ending with a period.
4. Place of publication, followed by a colon and name of publisher, ending with a period.

ARTICLES: print format

JOURNALS

1. Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial, ending with a period.
2. Year of publication, ending with a period.
3. Title of article in quotations, ending with a period inside the closing quotation mark.
4. Name of journal in italics.
5. Volume number followed by colon, page number(s) and ending with a period.
   •  
     • Variation #1 - if known, cite the issue number in parentheses right after the volume number
     • Variation #2 - if pages are not numbered consecutively in a volume, cite before the volume number the exact date of the journal article

NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES

1. Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Initial, ending with a period.
2. Year of publication, ending with a period.
3. Title of article in quotations, ending with a period inside the closing quotation mark.
4. Name of journal in italics.
5. Date of publication followed by a comma.
6. Page number of the article within the publications and ending with a period.

ARTICLES: electronic format

ONLINE DATABASES

Thompson, Mark. 2003. "Taking a Pass." (Cover Story/America Stretched Thin/The Draft). Time, 162:9 p43. Retrieved May 25, 2004 Available: Expanded Academic ASAP.

WEB-ACCESSED NEWSPAPERS

Severson, Kim. 2004. "Weighty Crusade Worldwide efforts promote healthier diets, more exercise." San Francisco Chronicle, May 23. Retrieved May 25, 2004 (http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/05/23/OBESITY.TMP).

WEB-ACCESSED JOURNALS

Dalmia, Sonia. 2000. "Dowry and its Effect on Marital Choices in India." Journal of South Asia Women Studies 5:2. Retrieved May 24, 2004 (http://www.asiatica.org/jsaws/).

• Author's name is in the text- insert the year in parentheses right after the name: Tracy (1996).
• Author's name is not in the text - last name and year of publication are in parentheses: (Tracy 1996) .
• Two authors, last names only and year of publication: (Tracy and Smith 2000) .
• Three authors:
  •  
    • First time referenced in text cite all three authors by their last name and year of publication:
      .(Tracy, Smith, and Redfern 1999)
    • Subsequent citations in text: .(Tracy et al. 1999)
• More than three authors, use first author's last name and et al.: .(Barrington et al. 1987)
• Include page numbers when using -
  •  
    • Verbatim quote
    • Referring to information from a specific passage
    • Paraphrasing information that is not of general knowledge
    • Enclose in parentheses author name, year, colon, then page number: (Tracy 1996:452) .
      

• Number footnotes consecutively throughout the document
• Double-spaced
• Use superscript Arabic numerals: ⁹ After 1981 there was...
• When referring to a footnote again later in the text, use parentheses: "...(see note 3)."