Research papers generally build on the work of previous writers and researchers. Whenever you write a paper and use the material of another author, you must document that source.
Documentation
credits the author and publisher of the original work and provides the
necessary information for readers to consult the same sources. Documentation is generally in the form of a
bibliography that is a list of works cited at the end of the paper.
When author is mentioned in the beginning -
Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (p.276)
When author is mentioned at the end -
... "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group's] behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p.276)
Quotation 2 - block quotation of 40 words or more; no quotation marks used; indent 5 spaces from the left margin:
Miele (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again [emphasis added], even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
The publication manual also notes that sometimes electronic sources (such as an HTML full-text document from an online database or information from a website) do not have page numbers. If no page numbers are listed, use the paragraph number and, when given, the heading or section title. The manual provides the following two examples:
Quotation 1 - when paragraph numbers are visible, indicate with (para.):
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new "intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in syberspace" (para.4).
Quotation 2 - document uses headings rather than paragraphs or page numbers:
In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that "the level of perceived disability in patients with fibromyalgia semed best explained by their mental health condition and less by their physical condition" (Discussion section, para.1).
Quotation 3 - when headings are too unwieldy to cite in full, use a short parenthetical title enclosed in quotation marks :
Empirical studies have found mixed results on the efficacy of labels in educating consumers and changing consumption behavior" (Golan, Kuchler, & Krissof, 2007, "Mandatory Labeling has Targeted", para.4).
At the Mansfield Library
(ask at the Information Desk):
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th ed). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Online Guides:
Use as first citation in text: Kisangu, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found
Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter: Kisangu et al. (2007) found
Thereafter, omit year for subsequent citations: Kisangu et al. found
Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812 | 406-243-6866 | Contact Us